Purpose: To report a case of Joubert’ s syndrome with alternating skew DEVIATION and lateral skew DEVIATION. Case report: A 18-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of abnormal eye movements since infancy. Some degree of oculomotor apraxia was revealed as the girl had difficulties in initiating horizontal saccades and subsequent head thrust. Periodic alternating vertical misalignment of eyes was also evident, known as alternating skew DEVIATION. After 3 to 5 seconds, the vertical divergence of the eyes reversed direction. Gaze to either side also resulted in hypertropia of abducting eye, known as lateral skew DEVIATION. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of superior cerebellar vermis along molar tooth signs associated with Joubert syndrome. Conclusion: This report shows that alternating skew DEVIATION and lateral skew DEVIATION can be manifestations of Joubert’ s syndrome.

Background and Aim: One of the causes of disruption in human societies is crime, which has always endangered the life-economicpolitical-CULTURAL security of human beings and society and governments. Communities' response to this phenomenon is primarily through the use of coercive legal methods and tools, resorting to criminal institutions. Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Results: Incorrect methods to deal with crime are also common among criminal agents such as judges and law enforcement agencies. These incorrect methods contradict the two issues of public order and individual rights. However, sometimes an expedient and even benevolent view persuades the criminal agent to resort to incorrect methods in order to solve the criminal problem or case. Ethical considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: However, sometimes an expedient and even benevolent view persuades the criminal agent to resort to incorrect methods in order to solve the criminal problem or case.

One of the important fields of research and study which recently has been absorbed a lot of attention is Persian literature review, based on new theories of linguistics and literature. The theory of "DEVIATION of norm" is one of these theories which the first time was offered by "Leech". It is also one of the main causes of emerging literary style…

This study investigates whether the firms’ leverage and leverage DEVIATION are influenced by earnings manipulation over the period 2006-2019 in firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Using ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS) and generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators, we find evidence suggesting that real and accrual-based earnings manipulation is positively associated with firms’ leverage and leverage DEVIATION. In particular, we find that real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings manipulation are positively (negatively) associated with positive (negative) leverage DEVIATION. The result derived from the current study should be of interest to board of directors, stockholders and policymakers. The findings are significant because more earnings manipulator firms may be less successful in achieving their optimal leverage. After conducting robustness tests, our main conclusions remain valid to different proxies for real and accrual-based earnings manipulation, different measures of firms’ leverage ratio, and different estimation methods. Our results are consistent with the predictions of trade-off theory.

One of the language’s functions is the literary function. It is the spot of joint of the linguistics and literature. In the literary function, the focus is on the message; so the language of this message distinct of the standard language. The linguists explain this Foregrounding in two ways: escape the standard language that is named DEVIATION and adding the some rules to it that is named Extra regularity, in three levels: meaning, form and formal realization. The DEVIATION near the speech to the poetry and the Extra regularity verse it. In this short text, we pay to the most obvious Foregrounding, DEVIATION, in the Az in Avesta book; because it shows the Akhavan’s art. In addition to so many DEVIATIONs forward to the Extra regularity in the Akavan’s poetry, meaning DEVIATION is rather than the other kinds of DEVIATION. This kind contains the Figurative language and meaning Rhetoric topics that increase the imagination. Especially the Simile and Metaphor, two forms of poetic images, have used greatly. Then the temporal DEVIATION, the use the archaic words, is seen plenty; so we see that the other kinds of DEVIATION is found rarely; because these reduce the word’s glory. Instance is found in the Akhavan’s poetry too, that is untitled or isn’t dependent on the mentioned kinds exactly.

The evidences imply that the violation of the norms of traditional and official culture, either publicly or secretly, have become popular among a part of the youths to such an extent which makes it possible to discuss the formation of a subculture contrary to the dominant official culture of the country. During the past years, this fact has caused some worriment in regards of some youths’ fidelity to the Islamic CULTURAL norms and values of the country. Besides, there have been debates and discussions over the reasons of contravening the official and traditional norms and the definition of the breakers’ acts. Some consider the CULTURAL DEVIATIONs as sorts of protest to the dominant culture and the political system, that is, those who do not attach legitimacy and popularity to the political sovereignty and the dominant culture, express their opposition by neglecting its CULTURAL symbols. Another group believes that contravening the norms are the consequent of accepting some aspects of a new (Western) culture, which from the point of view of its doers, it does not necessarily mean expressing opposition or protest. The aim of this paper is to address the above debates. The arguments have been evaluated based on the data gathered from a sample of 376 male and female students of Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, in the spring of 2007. Also an interview was conducted with 10 youths who violate these norms very frequently. The data indicate that more than half of the students have tendency to break these norms at medium to high level. Thus, it can be concluded that the frequency of such behaviors among the respondents is to such an extent that makes it possible to suggest the formation of a subculture with different norms from the official- traditional culture. Besides, a considerable number of those who more frequently violate these norms define their behavior as protest and resistance, or they have the motivation to protest to social CULTURAL and political authorities. The considerable prevalence of violation of official traditional norms in the studied population, to some extend, supports this viewpoint that the issue of breaking these norms by the youths could not be defined as a mere DEVIATION and crime, and legal and disciplinary measures should not be taken against it, because these kinds of approaches might increase the dissatisfactions and turn these behaviors into the symbol of resistance against the official culture.

Khaqani is one of the greatest Iranian poets of the 6th century (A.H.). It is generally acknowledged that in order to understand Khaqani' s complex language and difficult meanings, his reader should have a good command over his mystical language, his syntactic and semantic elements as well as his style of expression.In Persian poetry, Khaqani is considered to be an iconoclastic figure who has his own unique style. His odes, due to their incomparable niceties, wonderful combination of words, and use of difficult rhyme schemes, can be studied from modem literary perspectives, including formalism. That is because the skills that he consciously uses transform his automatic poetic language into a language that has foregrounding properties which can in turn help us to get a new view of things around us and lead to defamiliarization in a literary work.This paper attempts to touch upon the special characteristics of Khaqani's poetry, based on a formalistic approach.In addition, it tries to demonstrate that the poet presents new concepts and meanings and that the existence of certain old and stereotypical ideas adroitly transformed into new forms and clothed in language decorations highlighted with DEVIATION do not reduce the worth of his poetry.

The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Saussure at the Linguistics Department of University of Geneva. Stylistics is a sort of criticism process that reveals the aesthetic bases of literary works. One of the most prominent kinds of stylistics is DEVIATION; it is some kinds of variety and alteration which enhances text’s value. DEVIATION is a technique of communicating between creator and recipient, because this technique reveals the capability of creator in using the hidden part of language to convey the message to the recipient with its all stylistic value. So style deviates from the norm to reveal the objectives that normal language is not able to convey. But some theorists believe that the style is nothing more than DEVIATION. This article tries to criticize this opinion by using examples from poetry and holy Quran.

Developing kinds of moral and behavioral DEVIATIONs, which are caused by changes in social, CULTURAL, familial, political and religious structure, provides the needs of committing crime in society. The aim of this research, is analyzing the backgrounds of committing crime, strategies and their consequences, by women prisoners in central prison of Arak. For this purpose, using the grounded theory method and the technique of semi-structured interview, 14 women with the background of returning to prison, were interviewed deeply through purposeful sampling. After 10th interview, conceptual saturation was reached. The interview continued up to 14th person for peace of mind. The data categorized using Straus and Corbin paradigm model and then, its paradigm model was drawn. The results of research showed that being bait and deceived, disagreement between couples, emotional divorce and unsuccessful marriage, are some reasons of DEVIATION in this women. Social DEVIATIONs of father, differential companion, parents' addiction and contrary, lack of emotion, being victim of rape and domestic violence, are effective factors of this DEVIATION that follows strategies such as social DEVIATION, inappropriate marriage, theft, divorce and out of custom relations. Some of consequences of these strategies are family disintegration, ethical and social anomalies and finally prison. Results showed that CULTURAL poverty is the main factor of women's tendency to committing crime, being prisoned and repeating the same crimes and returning to prison.